نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

 
 در این مقاله، ضمن معرفى اجمالى برخى نظریه‏هاى غالب اخلاقى، انعکاس این نظریه‏ها در مقررات حقوقى بررسى مى‏شود . اخلاق حق مدار که عمدتا وامدار سیستم اخلاقى کانتى است، به عنوان نظامى اخلاقى، موجه و مبناى استاندارد و هنجارهاى حقوق بشرى است . اخلاق نفع نگار با تمرکز بر مصلحت عمومى، به عنوان ملاک اصلى اخلاقى بودن هنجار، اصولا نمى‏تواند به عنوان مبناى اخلاقى در زمینه حقوق بشر قرار گیرد . اخلاق فضیلت مدار با وجود کاربرد آن در تربیت فضیلت محورانه افراد، قادر به ارائه نظریه عدالت و در نتیجه، ایجاد سیستمى حقوقى نخواهد بود . از سوى دیگر تاکید بر فضیلتها در باز توزیع امکانات اجتماعى، اعم از ثروت و قدرت و معرفت مى‏تواند روحیه دورنگى و نفاق را گسترش داده و در عمل مروج رذیلت و نه فضیلت‏باشد . اخلاق نوع دوستانه على‏رغم این واقعیت که در گفتمانى فمنیستى متولد شده است، ضرورتى ندارد در همان حوزه باقى بماند و مى‏تواند، در نظام حقوقى به عنوان مکملى براى اخلاق حق مدار مطرح باشد . نگارنده در این مقاله به این نتیجه خواهد رسید که نظام حقوقى موجه و در عین حال کارا نمى‏تواند، تنها بر یک نظریه اخلاقى تکیه زند، بلکه بایستى انعکاسى از تلفیق نظریات اخلاقى مختلف باشد . 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

MORAL THEORIES IN THE MIRROR OF LAW

نویسنده [English]

  • Seyyad Mohammad ghari Seyyed Fatemi

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University

چکیده [English]

Introducing some major contemporary moral theories, I have discussed their implications for the legal systems. Human rights standards are mainly the result of the rights-based morality, which can be most successfully justified within the framework of the Kantian ethics. In contrast to the rights-based moralities, classic utilitarianism, by considering the idea of "greatest happiness for the greatest number of people" as the sole criterion for justifying a moral norm, would concentrate on public interest as the only legitimate basis for any legislation. Utilitarianism, then, may not justifiably embrace human rights standards as certain moral oriented norms.
Because of concentrating on the question of personal character rather than rightness or wrongness of an action, virtue ethics will not be able to offer a justified and consistent theory of justice. Moreover, although one cannot deny the positive implication of virtue approach in educational policies, considering virtues, as criteria to distribute social resources would help spread hypocrisy, which itself is a vice.
Despite the fact that ethics of care has developed in the context of feminism, it should not be necessarily considered as merely a feministic idea inapplicable to interpersonal relationships. It may play a significant role to complement the insufficiency of rights-based morality.
In conclusion I have suggested that one single moral theory cannot successfully accommodate a sufficient and justified legal system, rather a combined approach is needed. Legal systems should mirror a combination of rights-based morality complemented by virtue ethics as well as ethics of care.

 
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