Bibliography
Abbott, Ryan. The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Alaei, Saber, and Javad Hosseinzadeh. “nalysis of the independence of black box algorithms in algorithmic contracts and its consequences.” Journal of Legal Studies 14, no. 1 (2022): 251-278. https://dx.doi.org/10.22099/jls.2022.40211.4340. [In Persian]
Arab Esmaeili, Maliheh. “Analyzing challenges and innovations of the new Civil Law Procedure.” Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, 2016. [In Persian]
Brownsword, Roger. Law, Technology and Society: Re-imagining the Regulatory Environment. London: Routledge, 2019.
Burri, Thomas. “The EU is right to refuse legal personality for Artificial Intelligence,” Euractiv (2018).
Calo, Ryan. “Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw.” California Law Review 103, no. 3 (2015): 513-563.
European Parliament, “Resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics,” 2015/2103(INL).
Feizollahi, Nejat, Mohammad Sartibi Zarnagh, Ahmad Moughari, and Mousa Khalilollahi. “Feasibility of Conscientious Persuasion of Judges in Electronic Proceedings.” Interdisciplinary Studies of Islamic Law and Education 1, no. 2 (2025): 41-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/nric.2025.2051156.1014. [In Persian]
Filippi, Primavera De, and Aaron Wright. Blockchain and the Law: The Rule of Code. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.
Gandomkar, Reza Hossein, Mohammad Salehi Mazandarani, and Mohammad Mehdi Hamidi. “A Comparative Study of the Possibility of the Existence of Legal Personality for Intelligent Systems in Islamic Jurisprudence, Iranian law and Law of the West.” Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law 8, no. 4 (2022): 235-266. https://dx.doi.org/10.22091/csiw.2021.5944.1903. [In Persian]
Ghanoon-e Ayin-e Dakresi-ye Dadgah-haye Omoumi va Enqelab dar Omour-e Madani, 2000. [In Persian]
Ghanoon-e Omour-e Hesbi, 24 June 1940, ba Eslahat-e va Elhaqat-e ba'di. [In Persian]
Ghavidel, Sharareh. Qarardadha-ye Houshmand va Fanavari-e Block-chain dar Nezam-e Hoghough-e Qarardadha. edited by Afshin Maddah and Tayyebeh Rezaei-Shuraki. Tehran: Jahesh-e Yadgiri, 2024. [In Persian]
Gordon, John-Stewart. “Artificial Moral Authorship and the Law.” Ethics and Information Technology 23, no. 1 (2021): 65-74.
Haddadi, Fazel. “Compensation for Moral Damages from the Perspective of Jurisprudence and Law.” Rasa'el Jurisprudential-Legal Journal 3, no. 5-6 (2016): 27-49. [In Persian]
Hallevy, Gabriel. When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence under Criminal Law. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2013.
Hildebrandt, Mireille. Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Iranpour, Farhad, and Sepideh Mansouri. “The Principle of Validity in the Area of Contracts from the Perspective of Traditional Law and Transnational Commercial Law Rules.” Private Law Studies 46, no. 1 (2016): 1-20. [In Persian]
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar. Terminolozhi-e Hoghough. Tehran: Ganje Danesh, 2008. [In Persian]
Karnow, Curtis E. A. “Liability for Distributed Artificial Intelligences.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 11, no. 1 (1996): 147-204.
Katouzian, Nasser. Dore-ye Moghaddamati-e Hoghough-e Madani: Ashkhas va Amval. Tehran: Ganje Danesh, 2019. [In Persian]
Keramat Mirshekarloo, Yasin, and Jalaluddin Ghiasi. “Attributing Responsibility to Artificial Intelligence with Emphasis on the Relationship of Causality in Cybercrime (Futures Studies in Judicial Procedure).” Jurisprudence 1, no. 1 (2025): 143-160. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/juris.2025.726385. [In Persian]
Keshavarz Safi’e, Esmaeil. “The basis of civil liability of factors related to the performance of artificial intelligence systems in European Union documents and Iranian law.” Legal Research Quarterly 28, no. 4 (2025): 267-288. https://dx.doi.org/10.48308/jlr.2025.235893.2736. [In Persian]
Khomeini, Seyed Ruhollah. Tahrir al-Wasilah. volume 2, Qom: Dar al-Ilm Press Institute, [N.D]. [In Arabic]
Koops, Bert-Jaap, Mireille Hildebrandt, and David-Olivier Jaquet-Chiffelle. “Bridging the Accountability Gap: Rights for New Entities in the Information Society.” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology 11, no. 2 (2010): 497-561.
Kurki, Visa A. J. A Theory of Legal Personhood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Latifzadeh, Mahdieh. “Examining The Mutual Impact Of Autonomous Artificial Intelligence And Islamic Law.” Research and development in private law 1, no. 2 (2024): 180-205. [In Persian]
LoPucki, Lynn M. “Algorithmic Entities.” Washington University Law Review 95, no. 4 (2018): 887-953.
Makarem Shirazi, Naser. Al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah. volume 2, Qom: Madrasat al-Imam Ali bin Abi Talib, 2001. [In Arabic]
Moltbook Official Platform, “A Moltbook AI agent is suing a human in North Carolina,” accessed February 10, 2026, https://www.moltbook.com/post/15dbbcf3-e907-434a-ae9f-5b36724b20cc.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, Seyed Mohammad, and Faezeh Moghtadaei. “Zimah in Imamiyah Jurisprudence With Special Reference to Imam Khomeini’s Viewpoints.” Matin Research Journal15, no. 59 (2013): 1-31. [In Persian]
Najafi, Mohammad Hassan. Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara'i' al-Islam. volume 26, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1981. [In Arabic]
Naruto v. Slater, 888 F.3d 418 (9th Cir. 2018)
Pagallo, Ugo. The Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and Torts. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013.
Sabeghi, Mohammad Saleh. “Investigating the Application of Smart Contracts in International Trade: Advantages, Challenges, and Legal Solutions for Compliance with Global Legal Systems.” 13th International and National Conference on Management, Accounting, and Law Studies, Tehran, 2024. [In Persian]
Safaei, Seyed Hossein, and Seyed Morteza Ghasemzadeh. Civil law persons and persons under legal incapacity. Tehran: SAMT Publications, 2018. [In Persian]
Shams, Abdollah. Aein-e Dadresi-e Madani: Dore-ye Bonyadin. volume 1. Tehran: Derak Publications, 2019. [In Persian]
Sharifi, Seyed Elhamuddin, and Golnaz Beirami. “Intelligent Agent's Legal Nature in the Field of Electronic Contracts.” Legal Research 17, no. 33 (2018): 27-54. [In Persian]
Solaiman, S. M. “Legal Personality of Robots, Corporations, Idols and Chimpanzees: A Quest for Legitimacy.” Artificial Intelligence and Law 25, no. 2 (2017): 155-179.
Teubner, Gunther. “Rights of Non-humans? Electronic Agents and Animals as New Actors in Politics and Law.” Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 4 (2006): 497-521.
The Civil Code of Iran, 1928. [In Persian]
Turner, Jacob. Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Cham: Springer, 2019.
