Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabatabaei University
Abstract
The Warsaw Convention is a treaty which governs liability in the airline industry with regard to losses or injuries to persons, baggage, or goods while the aircraft is involved in an international flight. In recent decades there was controversy arising out of the pursuit of punitive damage awards in cases resulting from accidents occurring during international air flights. In this article, the current state of the law governing the question of punitive damages under the Warsaw Convention is considered in light of several recent court decisions. The question of whether the Warsaw Convention creates a separate “cause of action” or merely creates a presumption of liability is examined in this article. If the answer to this question is negative, then the courts can look to local state law and the laws of most states allow for punitive damages.
آقائی، بهمن؛ فرهنگ حقوقی بهمن، تهران، گنج دانش، چاپ سوم، 1385.
عبداللهی، محسن؛ «خسارات تنبیهی در حقوق بینالملل»، مجله حقوقی، 1383، شماره 30.
Dempsey, Paul S. & Michael Milde; (2005), International Air Carrier Liability: The Montreal Convention of 1999, Canada, McGill University.
Garrow D. Bruce & Katherine L. Ayre; (2009), Recovery of Non-pecuniary Damages in Canada: The cap on Recovery, Jury Trials, and Other Unique Considerations for General Damage Awards, presented on the conference on International Aviation Liability & Insurance, Canada.
Rouhette, Thomas; (2007), "the Availability of Punitive Damage in Europe: Growing Trend or Nonexistent Concept?" 74Def. Couns. J, 320.
Wild, Susan Ellis; (2006), Webster’s New world Law Dictionary, US, Wiley.
Barlow, P. "Punitive Damages under the Warsaw convention: Mixing Apples with Oranges" (1992) XVII-II Ann & sp. L. 71.
Benjamins v. British European Airways, 572 F.2d 913 (2d cir., 1978) cert. denied, 439 U.S.1114,99 s.ct 1016, 59 L.Ed.2d 72 (1979).
Butler v. Aeromexico, 774 F.2d. 429,431 (11th cir. 1985).
Floyed v. Eastern Airlines, Inc. 872 F.2d 1462, 21 Avi. I8, 401 (11th cir, 1989) at 1482.
Hijacking of Pan American World Airways, Inc. Aircraft at Karachi International Airport, Pakistan on September 5, 1986 729 F. Supp. 17 (SDNY, 1990).
Israel Airlines v. Tseng, 525 U.S. 155 (1999).
Lockerbie II, Hijacking of Pan American world Airways, Inc. Aircraft at Karachi International Air port, Pakistan on Sept. 5, 1986 928 F.2d 1267 (2d Cir., 1991).
Mah, Geoffret, The Warsaw Convention: Points of Controversy, A Master Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law, Institute of Air & Space Law, Canada, McGill,1996.
Mexico City Aircrash of October 31, 1979; 708 F.2d 400 (9th cir., 1983).
rein v. Imperial Airways, Ltd. (1936) 1Avi. 622 at 629.
Sidhu v.British Airways, 2L1oyd, Law Rep.76 (1997).
