Journal of Comparative Law

Journal of Comparative Law

The Emergence and Meaning of the Constitutional Conventions in the Legal-Political Systems of Iran and the United Kingdom

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of Public and International Law, University of Tehran, Farabi Branch, Qom, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department Law, Bojnourd University, North Khorasan, Iran.
3 M.A of Public Law, University of Tehran, Farabi Branch, Qom, Iran.
Abstract
The roots of Constitutional Conventions depend on the political, cultural and social contexts of any society. The characteristics of the parliamentary regime in the United Kingdom and the relationship between the head of state and the head of government and the evolution of the role of parliament from advisory to special function can be the source of some Constitutional Conventions and arise from these customs and is equally important in quantity and quality. Which is used in Constitutional Conventions to regulate the relations between the two irresponsible elements (queen = king) and the responsible (prime minister) and to fill the gaps in the unwritten constitution, including in regulating the relations between the cabinet and the parliament. In Iran, the Constitutional Conventions have a hidden and of course important role in the political-legal life of society, and in all government institutions and in the relations between these institutions, traces of these customs can be seen that in addition to the field of behaviors, establishment Some institutions, such as the Expediency Council or the creation of some phenomena, such as the revision of the Constitution in 1989, are practical examples of the impact of these customs. A comparative study shows that the origins of customs in England are rooted in tradition; Thus, in England, customs are more stable, but in Iran, customs are typically born of the exercise of power by institutions of power, and for this reason, they try to cover up the custom of law.
Keywords

-                      Abbasi, Bijan (2006). “Custom in Constitutional Law”, Journal of Constitutional Law, Year 4, Vol. 4, No. 6 & 7, pp. 161-169. [In Persian]
-                      Abbasi, Bijan (2010). “Research in the Sources of Constitutional Law”, Quarterly Journal of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 247-260. [In Persian]
-                                   Bailey, S H; Michael Gunn; David Ormerod & Ching Jane (1996). Modern English Legal System, 3rd Edition, London: Sweet & Maxwell.
-                                   Barendt, Eric (1988). An Introduction to Constitutional law, United States: Oxford University Press.
-                                   Bogdanor, V.  & Stefan Vogenauer (2008). “Enacting a British Constitution: Some Problem”, Public Law, No. 38, pp. 38-57
-                                   Bradley, A.W & K.D Ewing (2010). Constitutional and Administrative Law, 15th Edition, UK: Longman.
-                                   Brazier, Rondy (2008). Constitutional Reform: Reshaping the British Political System, UK: Oxford University Press
-                                   Caulfield, Megan (2012). “Constitutional Conventions in the United Kingdom: Should they be codified?”, Manchester student law review, Vol. 1, No. 42, pp. 41-48.
-                                   Constitutional, Convention (2006). Definition of Constitutional Convention from Oxford Dictionary of law, UK: Oxford University Press.
-                                   De Smith, Stanley & Rodney Brazier (1994). Constitutional and Administrative Law, 7th Edition, London: Penguin Books
-                                   Delegation of the panel on constitutional (2001). Report on Duty visit to Study the Systems of Executive Accountability in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, UK: affairs on the Ministial code in the United Kingdom.
-                                   Dicey, Albert Venn (1885). An Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution, Liberty Classics, Reprint Originally Published, London: Macmillan.
-                                   Fourth Report of Session (2012). Do we need a constitutional convention for the UK?, UK: House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee
-                      Ghazi Shariat Panahi, Seyed Abolfazl (1996). Discourses in Public Law, First Edition, Tehran: Nashrdadgostar. [In Persian]
-                      Ghazi Shariat Panahi, Seyed Abolfazl (2009). Essentials of Constitutional Law, 13th Edition, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [In Persian]
-                      Habibnejad, Seyed Ahmad (2009). “Parliamentary custom of semi-hidden parliamentary law”, compilation and collection of authors, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Unwritten Principles of the Constitution, Qom: Dar al-Alam Publications, pp. 131-146. [In Persian]
-                                   Hackney Blackwell, Amy (2008). The Essential law Dictionary, Canada: Sphinx publishing.
-                      Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad (2011). Fundamental Rights and Political Structures, First Edition, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [In Persian]
-                                   Heard, Andrew (2005). “Constitutional Conventions and Parliament”, Canadian Parliamentary Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 19-22.
-                                   House of Commons (2015). The UK constitution, a summary with options for reform, London: Political and Constitutional Reform Committee.
-                      Jabbargol Baghi Masouleh, Ali (1999). An Introduction to Custom, First Edition, Qom: Qom Seminary Publishing Center. [In Persian]
-                      Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (1997). General Introduction to Law, Fifth Edition, Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publications. [In Persian]
-                                   Jennings, Sir Ivor (1959). The law and Constitution, UK: University of London press.
-                      Katozian, Nasser (2009). Introduction to Law and Study in the Iranian Legal System, 69th Edition, Tehran: Anteshar Co. [In Persian]
-                                   Kenneth Rogers, James (2007). “the other way to Amend the constitution: the article V constitutional convention Amendment Process”, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1005-1022.
-                                   Larson, Edward J & Michael. P Winship (2005). The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison, New York: The Modern Library.
-                                   Leyland, Peter (2007). The Constitution of the United Kingdom, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
-                                   Markwell, Donald (2016). Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State, Australia: Connor Court publishing
-                                   Marshall, Geoffrey (1980). Constitutional Theory, UK: Clarendon Press.
-                                   Marshall, Geoffrey (1984). Constitutional Conventions: The Rules and Forms of Political Accountability, UK: Oxford University Press.
-                      Moin, Mohammad (2007). Moin Culture, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Edna Publications. [In Persian]
-                      Moradkhani, Fardin (2018). “Study of the concept of Constitutional procedures in constitutional law”, Quarterly Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 99-127.
-                      Mousavi, Seyyed Ruhollah (2010). Sahifa Imam (Collection of Imam Khomeini's Works), Vol. 21, Fifth Edition, Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing House. [In Persian]
-                                   Pak Kwan, Chau (2002). Some Basic Information on Constitutional Conventions, Hong Kong: legislative council secretariat research and library services division.
-                      Parvin, Khairullah (2013). “From customary constitution to Constitutional Conventions”, Law Quarterly Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 79-99. [In Persian]
-                            Parvin, Khairullah (2016). “Introduction to the Concept and Criteria of Constitutional Conventions”, Journal of Jurisprudential Research, Vo. 12, No. 2, pp. 229-255. [In Persian]
-                                   Phillips, O. Hood & Paul Jackson (2001). Constitutional and Administrative Law, London: Sweet & Maxwell (A Thomson Company).
-                      Soltani, Seyed Nasser (2009). “Is it possible to write the unwritten principles of the constitution? A Study of Some Examples in Iran and France”, Compiled and Collected by Authors, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Unwritten Principles of the Constitution, Qom: Dar al-Alam Publications, pp. 173-190. [In Persian]
-                      Soltani, Seyed Nasser (2017). “Expediency Discernment Council before reviewing an example of an unwritten principle of the Constitution”, Mofid University of Qom Publications, Haj Andisheh Articles Collection, First Edition, Mofid Publications, pp. 383-996. [In Persian]
-                      Soltani, Seyed Nasser (2017). “Validation of Constitutional Conventionsand Procedures”, Public Law Knowledge Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 18, pp. 91-110. [In Persian]
-                      Tabatabai Motameni, Manouchehr (2009). Constitutional Law, 13th Edition, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [In Persian]
-                                   Votes cast for and against proposed constitutional conventions and also proposed constitutional amendments (2001). Excerpted from the Manual for the Use of the Legislature of the State of New York, New York: Department of State.
-                                   Walters, Mark D (2011). “The Law behind the Conventions of the Constitution: Reassessing the Prorogation Debate”, Journal of parliamentary and political law, Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 131-154.
-                                   Whittington, Keith E (2013). “The Status of unwritten constitutional convention in the united states”, University of ILLINOIS law review, Vol. 2013, No. 5, pp. 1847-1870.
-                                   William, Pavao (2009). Constitutional Convention: A Decision-Making Activity, Central Middle School Quincy, Massachusetts: designed for 8 grade social studies student.
-       »Constitution of The United States, National Constitution Center«, Available at: www.constitutioncenter.org.
-       »Topical information for parliamentarians TIPS-1E«, Constitutional Convention (2006). Available at: http://lpintrabp.parl.gc.ca/apps/tips/index-e.asp.
-         »Bits Of law«, Study Note(2012). Available at: www.bitsoflaw.org/public/constitutions/study-note/degree/source-conventions.
-       »constitutional and administrative law, the E-Book Division Nationwide Mediation Academy Co Lt electronically«, Corbett Haselgrove-Spurin (2004). Available at: www.nadr.co.uk.
Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.