1
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Qom
2
PhD Graduate of Private Law Department, University of Qom
10.22096/law.2018.31935
Abstract
Sometimes, the parties of a contract for any reason do not want or cannot agree about some terms of the contract such as the quantity or quality of the object, the price, the method of the payment, duration of contract at the time of conclusion of the contract. Therefore, they conclude the contract and postpone the determination of these terms or only rely on setting up a criterion to determine it. There are disagreements over the validity of this type of contract that is refferedto as “open contract”.
According to the traditional doctrine, one of the basic principles of validity of a contract is the need to resolving of ambiguity of contract and if a deal has vague and open provisions, it would be void for reasons such as lack of sufficient agreement, absence of intention, the impossibility of completing the contract, the chance of gain or loss in a contract and conflicting with reasonable men practices and public policy. But the analysis of these arguments shows that none of them are perfect and sound reasons for invalidity of this kind of contract and there are logical answers to them. Moreover, common interest, the necessity of maintenance of legal relations and their stability, the needs and requirements of commerce and economic efficiency require that this kind of contract must not be void when some of its elements and conditions are open whereas the ambiguity of the contract is not such as to lead to a dispute.
دهخدا، علی اکبر، لغت نامه، تهران: مؤسسة لغت نامة دهخدا، 1330.
شعاریان، ابراهیم، ثمن نامعین در قراردادهای پیش فروش، نشریة فقه و حقوق اسلامی، سال سوم، زمستان 91، شمارة پنجم.
شهیدی، مهدی، تشکیل قراردادها و تعهدات، تهران: نشر حقوقدان، چاپ اول، 1377.
علیدوست، ابوالقاسم، ادله عام روایی فقه و حقوق قراردادها، قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی، 1395.
قنواتی، جلیل، محقق داماد، سید مصطفی، عبدی پور فرد، ابراهیم و شبیری، سید حسن وحدتی، حقوققراردادهـادر فقـه امامیـه، جلـد دوم، قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه، چاپ اول، 1389.
کاتوزیان، ناصر، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد اول، تهران: انتشارات بهنشر، چاپ دوم، 1372.
ـــــــــــــــ ، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد دوم، تهران: انتشارات بهنشر، 1366.
ـــــــــــــــ ، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد سوم، تهران: انتشارات بهنشر، 1368.
محقق داماد، سید مصطفی، مباحثی از اصول فقه، دفتر دوم، تهران: مرکز نشر علوم اسلامی، چاپ هشتم، 1377.
معین، محمد، فرهنگ فارسی معین، تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر، ج 2، چاپ چهارم، 1360.
الجیلانی القمی، میرزا ابی القاسم بن الحسن، جامع الشتات، چاپ اول، تهران: مؤسسة کیهان، 1371.
آملی، محمد تقی، المکاسب و البیع (تقریرات میرزای نائینی)، جلد 2، قم: مؤسسة النشر الاسلامی، چاپ دوم، 1413 ﻫ. ق.
انصاری، مرتضی، کتاب المکاسب، جلد 4، چاپ دهم، قم: مجمع الفکر الاسلامی، 1430.
نوری طبرسی، میرزاحسین، مستدرک الوسایل، قم: مؤسسة آل البیت، 1408ه.ق.
Atiyah, P.S., The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract, (Clarendon Press, 1985.
Bar, Cristian & Clive, Eric, Principles, Difinitions and Model Rules of European Private Law, Sellier,2009.
Bruckel, Carolin N., “Consideration in Exclusive and Nonexclusive Open Quantity Contracts under the U.C.C.: A Proposal for a New System of Validation”, Minnesota Law Review, October/1983, Vol. 68.
Coleman, Jules L., “A Bargaining Theory Approach to Default and Disclosure Provisions in Contract Law”, Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y, 1989, Vol. 12.
Corbin, Arthor L., Corbin on Contracts, One Volume Edition, West Group, January/ 1982.
Craswell, Richard, “Contract Law, Default Rules and the Philosophy of Promising”, Michigan Law Review, Dec/ 1989, Vol. 88, No. 3.
Dunfee, Thomas W. & others, Modern Business Law, Second edition, New York: Random House Business Division, 1989.
Farnsworth, Alan, “Pre contractual Liability and Preliminary Agreements: Fair Dealing and Failed Negotiations”, Columbia Law Review, 1987, Vol. 87.
Gergen, Mark, P, ”The Use of Open Terms in Contract”, Colombia Law Review, 92 Colum, 1992, Vol. 92.
Ghestin, Jacque, Traite des contrats: la vente, Paris: L.G. J, 1990.
Howard, Michael, “Open Terms Relating to Time in Contracts for the Sale of Goods”, McGILL LAW JOURNAL, 1973, Vol.19, No. 2.
Klein, Benjamin & Keith B. Leffler, “The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance”, The Journal of Political Economy, Agu/1981, Vol. 89, No. 4.
L. Prosser, William, “Open Price in Contracts for the Sale of Goods”, MINNESOTA LAW REVIEW, 1932, Vol. 16, No. 7.
Lando, Ole & Beale, Hugh, Principles European Contract Law,Part 1,2, Kluwer Law, 2000.
Malaurie, Philippe, et al, Les Obligations, Defrenois, 2003.
Mangaberia Unger, Robert, The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.
Markesinis,Sir Basil, et al, The German Law of Contract, Hart Publishing, 2006.
S. Geis, George, “An Embeded Options Theory of Indefinite Contracts”, Minnesota Law Review, 2006.
Salbu, Steven R., “The Decline of Contract as a Relationship Management Form”, Rugers Law Review, 1995, Vol. 47.
Scott Robert E. & Jody S. Kraus, Contract Law and Theory, Fourth Edition, LEXISNEXIS, 2007.
Scott, Robert E., & J. Stuntz, William, “Plea Bargaining as Contract”, Yale Law Journal, 1992, vol. 101.
Scott, Robert E.,”The Case for Formalism in Relational Contract”, Northwestern University Law Review, February/ 2000, Vol. 94.
Smith, Shelly,”A New Approach to the Identification and Enforcement of Open Quantity Contracts: Reforming the Law of Exclusivity and Good Faith”, Valparaiso Univercity Law Review, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 3.
Treitel, Sir Guenter, The Law Of Contract, 11’ed, Sweet & Maxwell,2003
Abdipour Fard,E. and Ostadi,M. (2018). A Comparative Study of the Validity of Open Contract in National Legal Systems and International Trade law. Journal of Comparative Law, 5(1), 131-154. doi: 10.22096/law.2018.31935
MLA
Abdipour Fard,E. , and Ostadi,M. . "A Comparative Study of the Validity of Open Contract in National Legal Systems and International Trade law", Journal of Comparative Law, 5, 1, 2018, 131-154. doi: 10.22096/law.2018.31935
HARVARD
Abdipour Fard E., Ostadi M. (2018). 'A Comparative Study of the Validity of Open Contract in National Legal Systems and International Trade law', Journal of Comparative Law, 5(1), pp. 131-154. doi: 10.22096/law.2018.31935
CHICAGO
E. Abdipour Fard and M. Ostadi, "A Comparative Study of the Validity of Open Contract in National Legal Systems and International Trade law," Journal of Comparative Law, 5 1 (2018): 131-154, doi: 10.22096/law.2018.31935
VANCOUVER
Abdipour Fard E., Ostadi M. A Comparative Study of the Validity of Open Contract in National Legal Systems and International Trade law. Journal of Comparative Law, 2018; 5(1): 131-154. doi: 10.22096/law.2018.31935