At first glance it may seem there is no mutual supportive relationship between copyright or rights of the authors of literary and artistic works, on one hand, and freedom of expression on the other. On deeper analysis, however, there are areas of such mutual support. This article attempts to examine these areas. The author is of the opinion that copyright and freedom of expression help and support each other in various ways. Copyright contributes to increase the production of literary and artistic works through granting exclusive rights to the authors and in so doing, creates a marketplace of ideas and information to be available to those who intend to exercise freedom of expression and thus allows them to have access to a variety of ideas and information in order to form their own points of views and express them. On the other hand, copyright empowers the community of authors and helps free them from being dependent on the state. Freedom of expression, in its turn, creates suitable environment for flourishing creative activities and removes the shadow of censorship and undue prosecution. In examining the issue, the article first deals with some key points in copyright and freedom of expression and then explores the ways of mutual support.
گر، بادو؛الفبای حقوق پدید آورنده، غلامرضا لایقی (مترجم)، خانه کتاب، 1380.
Alexander, Larry A; 2000-2001, Freedom of Expression as a Human Right, University of San Diego School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper 23, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=285432 .
Brier, Bruno. C; 1995, RICO and the First Amendment: Alexander v. United States, 6 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L. J. 369.
Cornish, William R; 1999, Intellectual property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights, 4th ed, Sweet & Maxwell.
Cotter, Thomas F; 2001, Gutenberg’s Legacy: Copyright, Censorship and Religious Pluralism.papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=280815.
Davies, Gillian; 2002, Copyright and the Public Interest, 2nd ed., Sweet & Maxwell.
Geller, Paul Edward; 2000, Copyrighting History and the Future: What’s Culture Got to Do with It?, 47 Journal of Copyright Society of USA 209.
Goldstein, Paul; 1970, "Copyright and the First Amendment", 70 ColumbiaLaw Review, 983.
Goldstein, Paul; 1999, Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related State Doctrines, Foundation Press.
Grossman, Claudio; 2001, Freedom of Expression in the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights, 7 ILSA J. Int’l & Comp. L. 619.
HRC; The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18): 07/30/1993. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, General Comment No. 22.
Joseph, Sarah, Schultz, Jenny and Castan, Mellisa; 2000, The International Covenant on Civil and Political rights: Cases, Materials and Commentary, Oxford.
McGoldrick, Dominic; 1991, The Human Rights Committee, Oxford.
Mendel, Toby, 2003, Freedom of Information: A Comparative Legal Survey, UNESCO.
Netanel, Neil Weinstock; 1998, Asserting Copyright’s Democratic Principles in the Global Arena, 51 Vand. L. Rev. 217.
Nowak, M; 1993, CCPR Commentary (N. P. Engel, Kehl).
Patterson, L. Ray; 2000, Understanding the Copyright Clause, 47 J. CopyrightSoc’y USA 365, 379.
Samuels, Edward; 2000, The Illustrated Story of Copyright, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press.
Scanlon, Thomas M., Jr; 1978-1979, Freedom of Expression and Categories of Expression, 40 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 519.
Sterling, J. A. L; 2003, World Copyright Law, Sweet & Maxwell.
The Free Expression Policy Project, "The Progress of Science and Useful Arts": Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual Freedom?, p. 4, available at: www.fepproject.org .
Ubeda de Torres, Amaya; 2003, Freedom of Expression under European Convention on Human Rights: A Comparison with the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights, 10 Hum. Rts. Br. 6.
van Dijk, P., and van Hoof, G. T. H; 1998, Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, Kluwer.
WIPO Worldwide Academy, 2003, Collection of Documents on Intellectual Property, WIPO Worldwide Academy.
